Manish Verma

Unit I

Characteristic Parameters of symmetrical and asymmetrical two port networks and their design: image impedance, iterative impedance, characteristic impedance, propagation coefficient, image transfer coefficient ,iterative transfer coefficient, Lattice and Bridged-T networks, reactive matching networks, matching techniques, Insertion Loss, symmetrical and asymmetrical attenuators and their design.

Unit II

Passive LC Filters: Analysis and design of Low pass, high pass, band pass and band elimination filters, m-derived filters, composite filters, Filter specifications, Butterworth approximation, Chebyshev approximation, elliptic function approximation, frequency transformation.

Unit III

Positive real function, LC, RL, RC, and RLC network synthesis, Foster and Cauer network, minimum positive real function, Brune’s method, Bott-Duffin method, Synthesis-Coefficient.

Unit IV

Transmission line fundamentals: Lumped parameter equivalent, voltage and current on a transmission line, infinite line, characteristic impedance and propagation constant, waveform distortion, attenuation and phase equalizers, distortion-less line, loading, liner reflection on a line, reflection coefficient, input and transfer impedances, open circuit and short circuit line, reflection factors, reflection loss, insertion loss, T and p equivalents of a line, location of line fault. Construction and design of two wire line and coaxial cable.

Unit V

Line at radio frequencies, parameters of line and coaxial cable at radio frequencies, dissipation-less line, voltage and current on a dissipation-less line, standing waves, standing wave ratio, input impedance of open circuit and short circuit, power and impedance measurement on lines, eighth-wave, quarter-wave and half wave line, circle diagram, Smith chart, solution of problems using Smith chart, single and double stub matching .introduction to micro-strip lines and its analysis

Unit I

Microwave Transmission System
General representation of E M field in terms of TEM, TE and TM components, Uniform guide structures, rectangular wave guides, Circular Wave guides, Solution in terms of various modes, Properties of propagating and evanescent modes, Dominant modes, Normalized model voltages and currents, Power flow and energy storage in modes frequency range of operation for single mode working, effect of higher order modes, Strip line and micro strip linesgeneral properties, Comparison of coaxial, Micro strip and rectangular wave guides in terms of band width, power handling capacity, economical consideration etc.

Unit II

Microwave Networks and Component
Transmission line ports of microwave network, Scattering matrix, Properties of scattering matrix of reciprocal, nonreciprocal, loss less, Passive networks, Examples of two, three and four port networks, wave guide components like attenuator, Phase shifters and couplers, Flanges, Bends, Irises, Posts, Loads, Principle of operation and properties of E-plane, H-plane Tee junctions of wave guides, Hybrid T, Multi-hole directional coupler, Directional couplers, Microwave resonators- rectangular. Excitation of wave guide and resonators by couplers. Principles of operation of nonreciprocal devices, properties of ferrites, Isolators and phase shifters.

Unit III

Microwave Solid State Devices and Application
PIN diodes, Properties and applications, Microwave detector diodes, detection characteristics, Varactor diodes, parametric amplifier fundamentals, Manley-Rowe power relation MASER, LASER , Amplifiers, Frequency converters and harmonic generators using Varactor diodes, Transferred electron devices, Gunn effect, Various modes of operation of Gunn oscillator, IMPATT, TRAPATT and BARITT.

Unit IV

Microwave Vacuum Tube Devices
Interaction of electron beam with electromagnetic field, power transfer condition. Principles of working of two cavity and Reflex Klystrons, arrival time curve and oscillation conditions in reflex klystrons, mode-frequency characteristics. Effect of repeller voltage variation on power and frequency of output. Principle of working of magnetrons. Electron dynamics in planar and cylindrical magnetrons, Cutoff magnetic field, Resonant cavities in magnetron, ?-mode operation Mode separation techniques, Rising sun cavity and strapping. Principle of working of TWT amplifier. Slow wave structures, Approximate gain relationship in forward wave TWT.

Unit V

Microwave Measurements
Square law detection, Broadband and tuned detectors. Wave-guide probes, Probe and detector mounts, Slotted line arrangement and VSWR meter, Measurement of wave-guide impedance at load port by slotted line, Microwave bench components and source modulation.
Measurement of scattering matrix parameters, High, Medium and low-level power measurement techniques, Characteristics of bolometers, bolometer mounts, Power measurement bridges, Microwave frequency measurement techniques, calibrated resonators (transmission and absorption type). Network Analyzer and its use in measurements

Unit I

Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Discrete-Time Signals, Discrete-Time Systems, Analysis of Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems, Discrete Time systems described by Difference Equation, Implementation of Discrete-Time Systems, Signal flow Graph representation of digital network, matrix representation.

Unit II

The z-Transform: The Direct z-transform, Properties of the z-transform, Rational z-transforms, Inversion of the ztransform, analysis of Linear Time-Invariant systems in the z-domain.

Unit III

Frequency Analysis of Discrete Time Signals: Discrete Fourier series (DFS), Properties of the DFS, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Properties of DFT, Two dimensional DFT, Circular Convolution.

Unit IV

Efficient Computation of the DFT: FFT algorithms, decimation in time algorithm, Decimation in frequency algorithm, Decomposition for ‘N’ composite number.

Unit V

Digital filters Design Techniques: Design of IIR and FIR digital filters, Impulse invariant and bilinear transformation, windowing techniques- rectangular and other windows, Examples of FIR filters, design using Windowing.

Unit I

Introduction to cellular mobile system, a basic cellular system, performance criteria, Uniqueness of mobile radio environment, Operation of cellular systems, Planning of cellular system. Elements of Cellular Radio System Design: General description of problem, Concept of frequency reuse, channels, Co channel interference, reduction factor, Hand off mechanisms, Cell splitting, Consideration of the components of cellular systems.

Unit II

Co-channel Interference, real time co-channel interference measurement at mobile radio transceivers, Design of antenna system - Omni directional and directional, Lowering the antenna height, Reduction of co-channel interference, Umbrella- Pattern effect, Diversity receiver, Designing a system to serve a predefined area that experiences Co-Channel Interference.

Types of Non co-channel interference- adjacent channel Interference, Near-End-Far-End interference, Effects on Near-End mobile units, Cross-Talk, Effects on coverage and interference by applying power decrease, antenna height decrease, Beam Tilting, Effects of cell site Components, Interference between systems, UHF TV Interference,
long distance interference.

Unit III

Cell coverage for signal and traffic: General introduction, Obtaining the mobile point-to-point model, Propagation over water or flat open area, foliage loss, propagation in near in distance, long distance propagation, point-to-point prediction model, Cell site antenna heights and signal coverage cells, Mobile-to-mobile propagation. Cell site antennas and mobile antennas: Equivalent circuits of antennas, Gain and Pattern Relationship, Sum and Difference patterns, Antennas at cell site, mobile antennas.

Unit IV

Frequency management and Channel Assignment: Frequency management, Frequency spectrum utilization, Setup channels, Fixed channels assignment, Non-fixed channel assignment algorithms, Traffic and channel assignment. Handoffs and Dropped Calls: Types of Handoff, Initiation of Handoff, Delaying a Handoff, Forced Handoff, Queuing of Handoff, Power- Difference Handoff, Mobile Assisted Handoff and Soft Handoff, Cell-site Handoff and Intersystem Handoff, Dropped Call Rate.

Unit V

Digital Cellular System: GSM, Architecture, Layer Modeling, Transmission, GSM channels and Channel Modes, Multiple Access Scheme: CDMA, Terms of CDMA systems, output power limits and control, Modulation characteristics, Call processing, Hand off procedures. Miscellaneous Mobile Systems: TDD Systems, Cordless Phone, PDC, PCN, PCS, Non Cellular Systems, Mobile Integrated Radio Systems, Mobile Satellite Communication.

Unit I

Introduction to Data Communication and Networks: Data Communication, Networks – Physical structures; different topologies, Categories of Networks: LAN, MAN, WAN, Interconnection of networks, The Internet, Protocols and Standards, Standards Organizations. Network Models, Layered tasks, The OSI model, different layers in OSI model. TCP/IP protocol suite ; different layers, addressing, - physical, logical, port and specific addresses, Analog and digital, digital signals-Bit Length, Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal, Transmission of Digital Signals, Data Rate Limits-Noiseless Channel, Noisy Channel.

Unit II

Physical Layer: Digital-to-Digital Conversion-Line Coding, Line Coding Scheme, Block Coding, Scrembling. Multiplexing – Frequency Division, Wavelength Division, Synchronous Time Division, Statistical Time Division Multiplexing. Circuit-Switched Networks – Three Phases, Efficiency, Delay. Datagram Networks - Routing Table, Efficiency, Delay, Datagram Networks in the Internet. Virtual Circuit Networks - Addressing, Three Phases, Efficiency, Delay, Circuit Switched Technology in WANs. Structure of Circuit and Packet switches, Dial-up Modems, Digital Subscriber Line - ADSL, ADSL Lite, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL, Cable TV for Data Transfer- Bandwidth, Sharing, CM and CMTS, Data Transmission Schemes.

Unit III

Data Link Layer: Introduction - Types of Errors, Redundancy, Detection Vs Correction, Forward Error Correction Vs Retransmission, Modular Arithmetic. Block Coding - Error Detection, Error Correction, Hamming Distance, Minimum Hamming Distance. Linear Block Codes, Cyclic Codes - Cyclic Redundancy Check, Hardware Implementation, Polynomials, Cyclic Code Analysis, Advantages. Checksum, Framing - Fixed and Variable-Size. Flow and Error Control, Protocols, Noiseless Channels – Simplest and Stop-and-Wait Protocols. Noisy Channels - Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request, Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat Request, Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request.

Unit IV

Medium Access: Random Access- ALOHA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). Controlled Access-Reservation, Polling, Token Passing. Channelization- Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA). IEEE Standards, Standard Ethernet, Changes in the Standard, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, IEEE 802.11- Architecture, MAC Sub layer, Addressing Mechanism, Physical Layer. Bluetooth- Architecture, Radio Layer, Baseband Layer, L2CAP.

Unit V

Connecting LANs: Connecting Devices- Passive Hubs, Repeaters, Active Hubs, Bridges, Two-Layer Switches, Three-Layer Switches, Gateway. Backbone Networks-Bus, Star, Connecting Remote LANs. Virtual LANs - Membership, Configuration, Communication between Switches, Network layer – logical addressing - IPv4Addresses- Address Space, Notation, Classful Addressing, Classless Addressing, Network Address Translation (NAT). IPv6 Addresses - Structure and Address Space. Internetworking - Need for Network Layer, Internet as a Datagram Network, Internet as a Connectionless Network. IPv4- Datagram, Fragmentation, Checksum, Options. IPv6 - Advantages, Packet Format, Extension Headers. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Address Mapping- Logical to Physical Address, Physical to Logical Address, Routing – Delivery forwarding techniques and processes, routing table,, Unicast routing protocols – Optimization, inter domain, intra domain, distance vector, link state and path vector routing, Multicast routing protocol - Unicast, multicast and broadcast, applications, multicast routing and routing protocols.

SECTION A

ELECTRONIC DESIGN AUTOMATION SOFTWARE
Introduction to EDA environment, eg. Microwind / Cadence / Sylvaco / Tanner silicon HiPer / Xilinx ISE 9i / any similar software / Any Freeware - EDA, its study and simulation/analysis/design of circuits. (The EDA tool package should have equal number of perpetual licenses for all modules and should have GUI)

SECTION B

VERILOG
Introduction, Language Element, Expression, Gate Level Modeling, User-Defined Primitives, Data Flow Modeling, Behavioral Modeling, Structural Modeling, Synthesize, Verilog Constructs To Gate, Modeling- Combinational Logic, Modeling-Sequential Logic, Modeling A Memory.

SECTION C

VHDL
Introduction, Entity Declaration, Architecture Body, Configuration and Package Declaration, Package Body, Model Analysis, Simulation, Basic Language Elements, Behavioral Modeling, Data Flow Modeling, Structural Modeling.

Unit I

Introduction
CMOS Logic: Inverter, NAND Gate, Combinational Logic, NOR Gate, Compound Gates, Pass Transistors and Transmission Gates, Tristates, Multiplexers, Latches and Flip-Flops, CMOS Fabrication and Layout: Inverter Crosssection, Fabrication Process, Layout Design rules, Gate Layout, Stick Diagrams. VLSI Design Flow.
MOS Transistor Theory: Ideal I-V Characteristics, C-V Characteristics: MOS Capacitance Models, MOS Gate Capacitance Model, MOS Diffusion Capacitance Model. Non ideal I-V Effects: Velocity Saturation and Mobility Degradation, Channel Length Modulation, Body Effect, Subthreshold Conduction, Junction Leakage, Tunneling, Temp. and Geometry Dependence. DC Transfer characteristics: Complementary CMOS Inverter DC Characteristics, Beta Ratio Effects, Noise Margin, Ratioed Inverter Transfer Function, Pass Transistor DC Characteristics, Tristate Inverter, Switch- Level RC Delay Models.

Unit II

CMOS Processing Technology
CMOS Technologies: Background, Wafer Formation, Photolithography, Well and Channel Formation, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Isolation, Gate Oxide, Gate and Source/Drain Formation, Contacts and Metallization, Passivation, Metrology. Layout Design Rules: Design Rules Background, Scribe Line and Other Structures, MOSIS Scalable CMOS Design Rules, Micron Design Rules. CMOS Process Enhancements: Transistors, Interconnect, Circuit Elements, Beyond
Conventional CMOS.

Unit III

Circuit Characterization and Performance Estimation
Delay Estimation: RC Delay Models, Linear Delay Model, Logical Effort, Parasitic Delay. Logical Effort and Transistor Sizing: Delay in a Logic Gate, Delay in Multistage Logic Networks, choosing the Best Number of Stages. Power Dissipation: Static Dissipation, Dynamic Dissipation, Low-Power Design. Interconnect: Resistance, Capacitance, Delay, Crosstalk. Design Margin: Supply Voltage, Temperature, Process Variation, Design Corners. Reliability, Scaling.

Unit IV

Analog Circuits
MOS Small-signal Model, Common Source Amplifier, The CMOS Inverter as an Amplifier, Current Mirrors, Differential Pairs, Simple CMOS Operational Amplifier, Digital to Analog Converters, Analog to Digital Converters, RF Circuits.

Unit V

Combinational Circuit Design Circuit Families: Static CMOS, Ratioed Circuits, Cascode Voltage Switch Logic, Dynamic Circuits, Differential Circuits, Sense Amplifier Circuits, BiCMOS Circuits, Low Power Logic Design, Comparison of Circuit Families. Standard Cell Design: Cell Hierarchies, Cell Libraries, Library Entries, Cell Shapes and Floor Planning.

Unit I

Microprocessor 8086 Architecture - BIU and EU, Registers, Pin Diagram, Memory Addressing, Clock Generator 8284, Buffers and Latches, Maximum and Minimum Modes.

Unit II

Addressing Modes, Instruction set of 8086, Assembly Language Programming, Assemblers, Procedures, Macros, Interrupts, 8086 Based Multiprocessor Systems - Coprocessors (8087 NDP), Closely and Loosely Coupled Multiprocessor Systems (8089 IOP).

Unit III

Interfacing Chips - IC 8155 (Static Ram with I/O Ports and Timer), 8755 (EPROM with I/O Ports), 8251A (USART), 8255A (Programmable Peripheral Interface), 8253/8254 (Programmable Interval Timer/Counter), 8257 (DMA Controller), 8259A (Programmable Interrupt Controller).

Unit IV

Microcontrollers - Microcontroller 8051 - Architecture, Pin Diagram, I/O Ports, Internal RAM and Registers, Interrupts, Addressing Modes, Memory Organization and External Addressing, Instruction Set, Assembly Language Programming, Real Time Applications of Microcontroller- Interfacing with LCD, ADC, DAC, Stepper Motor, Key Board and Sensors.

Unit V

Embedded Systems - Introduction, Classification, Processors, Hardware Units, Software Embedded into System, Applications and Products of Embedded Systems, Structural Units in Processor, Memory Devices, I/O Devices, Buses, Interfacing of Processor Memory and I/O Devices, Case Study of an Embedded System for a Smart Card.

Unit I

Random Processes
Random variables:- Cumulative distribution function, Probability density function, Mean, Variance and standard deviations of random variable, Gaussian distribution, Error function, Correlation and autocorrelation, Central-limit theorem, Error probability, Power Spectral density of digital data.

Unit II

Pulse Modulation
Analog Signals:- Sampling of Signal, Sampling Theorem for Low Pass and Band Pass Signals, Aliasing, Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Channel Bandwidth for PAM-TDM Signal, Types of Sampling, Instantaneous, Natural and Flat Top (Mathematical and Spectral Analysis), Aperture Effect, Introduction to Pulse Position and Pulse Duration Modulation.

Unit III

Pulse Code Modulation
Digital Signal:- Quantization, Quantization Error, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Signal-to-Noise Ratio in PCM, Companding, Data Rate and Bandwidth of Multiplexed PCM Signal, Inter-symbol Interference, Differential PCM (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM), and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), Comparison of various system in terms of Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise Ratio.

Unit IV

Digital Modulation Techniques:- Analysis, Generation and Detection (Block Diagram), Spectrum and Bandwidth of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK), Offset and Non-offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), M-ary PSK, Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), M-ary FSK, Minimum Shift Keying, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Comparison of digital modulation techniques on the basis of probability of error, Matched Filter.

Unit V

Spread Spectrum Modulation
Introduction to Spread Spectrum modulation, Generation and Characteristics of p-n Sequences, Direct sequence Spread Spectrum System, Spread Spectrum with Code division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum.

Unit I

Review of vector calculus, orthogonal coordinate systems, gradient, divergence and curl. Laplacian operator for scalar and vectors. Vector integral and differential identities and theorems. Phasor representation of harmonic variation of scalar and vectors Static electric fields, Columb’s law, electric flux density and electric field intensity, permittivity, dielectric constant, field of distributed charges in free space, potential function, Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations, electric dipole, stored electric energy density. Boundary conditions at abrupt discontinuities between two media including conducting boundaries, surface charge distribution capacitance between two isolated conductors.

Unit II

Solution of Laplace’s equations in systems of dielectric and conducting boundaries, uniqueness theorem, two dimensional boundary condition problems, solution by symmetry, conformal transformation of functions, image theory etc. fields in parallel wire, parallel plane and coaxial systems. Static currents and magnetic fields- flow of charge in conductive media, lossy conductive medium, current density, specific conductivity, mobility, explanation of Ohm’s law employing mobility. Magnetic effects of current flow, Biot-Savart’s law in vector form magnetic field intensity, magnetic flux, and permeability, closed loop currents, Ampere’s circuital law in integral and differential vector form, magnetic vector potential and related equations. Problems related to straight wire toroidal and cylindrical solenoids, inductance. Boundary conditions on magnetic field, equivalent surface currents for abrupt discontinuity of magnetic field.

Unit III

Time varying fields – Faraday’s law in integral and differential forms, displacement current concept, Maxwell’s equations in differential and integral forms, wave equations in source free region electric and magnetic stored energy density, continuity equation, Poynting vector theorem. Time harmonic fields, r.m.s. phasor representation of field vectors, Maxwell’s equations for TH field, average energy density, complex Poynting vector, duality concept. Helmholtz wave equation, general solution in free space in various coordinates, plane polarized wave in free space, properties of plane waves, wave front, power flow, stored energy density.

Unit IV

Circular and elliptic polarization, resolution in terms of linear polarized waves and vice- versa. Plane waves in lossy medium, low loss dielectric, good conducting and ionized media, complex permittivity, loss tangent, skin depth, transmission line analogy, boundary conditions at perfect conductor surface, surface current density Interference of two plane waves traveling at oblique directions.

Unit V

Reflection and refraction of plane waves at dielectric media and conducting Surfaces, Brewster’s angle, total internal reflection, resultant fields and power flow in both media. Frequency dispersive propagation, phase velocity and group velocity. Magnetic vector potential for sources in free space, retarded potential, radiation principles, boundary condition at infinity