Unit-I

Introduction Review Of Embedded Hardware

Terminology Gates- Timing Diagram- Memory- microprocessors Buses- Direct Memory Access- interrupts- Built- ins on the Microprocessor- Conventions Used on Schematic- schematic. Interrupts Microprocessor Architecture- Interrupt Basics- Shared Data Problem- Interrupt latency.

Unit-II

Pic Micro controller And Interfacing

Introduction, CPU architecture, registers, instruction sets addressing modes Loop timing, M, Analog to digital converter, UART- Baud Rate- Data Handling- Initialisation, Special Features- serial Programming- Parallel Slave Port.

Unit-III

Embedded Microcomputer Systems

Motorola MC68H11 Family Architecture Registers, Addressing modes Programs. Interfacing methods parallel I/o I interface, Parallel Port interfaces, Memory Interfacing, High Speed I/o Interfacing, Interrupts- interrupt service routing- features of interrupts- Interrupt vector and Priority, timing generation and measurements, Input capture, Output compare, Frequency Measurement, Serial I/o devices Rs. 232,Rs. 485. Analog Interfacing Applications.

Unit-IV

Software Development And Tools

Embedded system evolution trends. Round- Robin, robin with Interrupts, function- One- Scheduling Architecture, Algorithms. Introduction to- assembler- compiler- cross compilers and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Object Oriented Interfacing, Recursion, Debugging strategies, Simulators.

Unit-V

Real Time Operating Systems

Task and Task States, tasks and data, semaphores and shared Data Operating system Services- Message queues- Timer Function- Events- Memory Management, Interrupt Routines in an RTOS environment, basic design Using RTOS.

Unit-I

General Introduction to Properties of Nuclear Systems and Radiation, Interaction of radiation with matter, Radioactive sources-Choice of isotopes.

Radiation detectors-Ionization chambers, Geiger-Muller counters, Scintillation counters, Semiconductor devices, Neutron detectors based on recoil, Measuring circuits including modulators, converters and stabilizers, Synchronous detectors.

Counting Statistics, Correlation sets, Standard deviation of rate meters, Error propagation, Effect of background, Statistical distribution of pulse height distribution, Detector efficiency.

Unit-II

Nuclear Reactor Instrumentation

Diffusion, moderation, absorption and delay processes, Neutron flux measurement, Control rod calibration, Nuclear fuel inspection and testing including poisoning, Radiation energy measurement, Remote control instrumentation, Nuclear instrument maintenance.

Unit-III

Application to industrial System

Radioactive Tracer technique, Gas and Liquid flow measurement, Leak detection, Residence time and its distribution, application to blending corrosion and wear studies

Thickness and density measurement by beta rays, Gammaray absorption technique, measurement of thickness of surface material by back scattering.

Level detection by radioactive devices, interface detection by neutron moderation technique.

Measurement of gas pressure and gas analysers, Speceros-copic and frequency methods.

Void detection, a idity meter, moisture meter, smoke detection, Ozonizer, Radiochromatography and interferometry.

Portable instruments, Source activity for dynamic properties of instruments.

Unit-IV

Safety

Hazards of ionization radiation, physiological effect of radiation, Dose and Risk, Radiological protection (Plpha, beta and Gamma, X, Neutron), Shielding material and effectiveness.

Operational safety instruments, emergency schemes, effluent disposal, Application to medical diagnosis and treatment.

Unit-I

Digital Image Processing

Elements of a Digital Image Processing system, Structure of the Human eye, Image formation and contrast sensitivity, Sampling and Quantization, Neighbours of a pixel, Distance measures, Photographic file structure and exposure, Filem characteristics, Linear scanner, Video camera, Image processing applications.

Unit-II

Image Transforms

Introduction to Fourier transform-DFT, Properties of two dimensional FT, Separability, Translation, Periodicity, Rotation, Average value, FFT algorithm, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Discrete Cosine transform.

Unit-III
Image Enhancement

Definition, Spatial domain methods, Frequency domain methods, Histogram modification technique, Neighborhood averaging, Media filtering, Lowpass filtering, Averaging of multiple images, Image sharpening by differentiation and high pass filtering.

Unit-IV

Image Restoration

Definition, Degradation model, Discrete formulation, Circulant matrices, Block circulant matrices, Effect of diagnolization of circulant and block circulant matrices, Unconstrained and constrained restorations , Inverse filtering, Wiener filter, Restoration in spatial domain.

Unit-V

Image Encoding

Objective and subjective fidelity criteria, Basic encoding process, The mapping, The quantizer, The coder, Differential encoding, Contour encoding, Run length encoding, Image encoding relative to fidelity criterion, Differential pulse code modulation.

Unit-VI

Image Analysis and Computer Vision

Typical computer vision system, Image analysis techniques, Spatial feature extraction, Amplitude and Histogram features, Transform features, Edge detection, Gradient operators, Boundary extraction, Edge linking, Boundary representation, Boundary matching, Shape representation.

Unit-I

Overview of VLSI design methodology

VLSI design process, Architectural design, Logical design, Physical design, Layout styles, Full custom & Semi custom approaches.

Basic Electrical Properties of MOS and CMOS Circuits, NMOS, Pmos, Transistors, MOS device equations, Basic DC equations second order effects, Mos modules, Small signal AC characteristics, nmos inverter, Steered input to an nmos inverter, depletion mode & enhancement mode pull ups, CMOS inverter, DC characteristics, inverter delay, Pass transistor, transmission gate.

Unit-II

VLSI fabrication techniques

An overview of wafer fabrication, Wafer processing, Oxidation, Pattering, Diffusion, Ion implantation, Deposition, silicon gate nMOS process, CMOS processor, N well, P well, Twin tub, Silicon on insulator, CMOS process enhancements interconnect circuit elements catchup, catchup triggering & prevention techniques.

Unit-III

MOS and CMOS Circuit design Process

Layer representation, Stick diagrams, NMOS design style, CMOS design style, Design rules, Need for design rules, Meed conway design rules fn silicon gas NMOS process, CMOS n well/ p well based design rules simple layout examples, Sheet resistance estimation.

Capacitance estimation, Area capacitance, Wiring capacitance, Driving large capacitance.

Unit-IV

NMOS & CMOS circuit and logic design, Switch logic, Pass transistor & Transmission gate, gate logic, inverter, two input NAND gate, NOR gate other form of CMOS logic, Dynamic CMOS logic Clocked CMOS logic, Precharged domino CMOS logic, Structured design, Simple combinational logic design examples, Parity generator, Multiplexer clocked sequential circuits, Two phase clocking charge storage, Dynamic register element, NMOS and CMOS, Dynamic shift register, semi static register, J-K flip flop.

Unit-V

Subsystem design process

Design of a 4 bit shifter, general arrangement of 4 bit arithmetic processor, Design of a ALU system implementing ALU functions with an adder, carry look ahead adders, Multipliers, Serial parallel multipliers, Pipe lined multiplier array, Modified Booth’s algorithm

Unit-I

Fuzzy system introduction, Fuzzy relation, Membership function, Fuzzy matrices and entropy, Fuzzy operation and composition.

Unit-II

Fuzzy Variables, Linguistic variables, measures of fuzziness, concepts of defuzzification, Fuzzy control applications.

Unit-III

Fundamentals of Artificial Neural networks- Biological prototype – Artificial neuron, Activation functions, Single layer and multiplayer networks. Training Artificial neural networks, Preceptrons, Exclusive Or Problem – Linear seperability, Storage efficiency, Preceptron learning, perceptron training algorithms.

Back propagation, Training algorithm, network configurations, Network paralysis, Local minima, temporal instability.

Unit-IV

Counter propagation networks, Kohonen layer, Training the kohonen layer, Pre processing the inputted vectors, Initialising the wright vectors, Statistical properties, Training the grosberg layer. Full counter propagation networks, Applications.

Statistical methods, Boltzman training, Cauchy training, Artificial specific heat methods, Applications to general non-linear optimization problems. Back propagation and cauchy training.

Unit-V

Hopfield nets, Recurrent networks, Stability, Associative memory, Thermodynamic systems, Statistical Hopfiled networks, Applications. Bi-directional associative memories, Retrieving on stored association, Encoding the associations.

Unit-I

Intelligent versus Dumb instruments, A historical perspective of instrumentation systems. Review of digital transducers. Interfacing micro computers. Computer ports to high power devices. Optical shaft encoder communication standards. Concepts of Real Time system and its application.

Unit-II

Details of Data Acquisition systems (DAS) Logic control systems, Continuous & Batch modes, Single and multi loop controller. Details of Data logger and its application.

Unit-III

Architecture of Virtual instrument and its relation to operating system. Software overview: LABVIEW, Graphical User Interface (GUI), Control and indicators: G programming- Data type, Data flow programming editing and running a virtual instrument.

Unit-IV

G Programming details in LABVIEW, G Programming tools and libraries. Programming structure: For loop, While loop. CASE structure, Sequence Structure arrays and clusters. Array operations- Bundle/Unbundled String and file I/O. High level and low level I/Os. Attribute nodes, Local and global variables.

Unit-V

Software development for Temperature (Low and High), Level, Speed, pressure etc.

Unit-I

Basic Problem solving methods: Production systems-state space search, control strategies, Heuristic search, forward and backward reasoning, Hill climbing techniques, Breadth first search, Depth first search, Best search, staged search.

Unit-II

Knowledge Representation: Predicate logic, Resolution question Answering, Nonmonotonic Reasoning, statistical and probabilistic reasoning, Semantic Nets, Conceptual Dependency, frames and scripts.

Unit-III

AI languages: Important characteristics of AI languages - PROLOG, LISP.

Unit -IV

Introduction to Expert Systems: Structure of an Expert system interaction with an expert, Design of an Expert system.

Unit-V

Fundamentals of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), perceptrons, Back propagation, Cohenon self organizing network, Hop field networks

Unit-I

Introduction to vector nature of light, Propagation of light, Propagation of light in a cylindrical dielectric rod, ray model, wave model. Theory of image formation, Review of aberration, Comma, acclamation, distortion, Chromative aberration, Osages

Unit-II

Different types of optical fibres, model analysis of a step index fiber. Signal degradation on optical fiber due to dispersion and attenuation.

Unit-III

Optical fiber in instrumentation use of optical fibers as sensors, modulation techniques for sensors fiber optic power measurement. Stabilized calibrated light sources end-to-end measurement of fiber losses, optical signal processing.

Unit-IV

Optical power meters, optical attenuators, optical spectrum analyzer, optical switching & logic gate and measurement techniques like optical time domain reflectometry, (OTDR), attenuation measurements

Unit-V

Optical Sources & detectors: LED and LASERS, photo detectors, pin detectors detector responsitivity – noise, optical receivers. Integrated optical devices

Unit-I

Introduction to modern power conductor devices: Gate turn off thyristor (GTO), Insulated Gate Bipolar Junction Transistor (IGBT), Power BJT, Power MOSFET, MOS controlled thyristor (MCT), Reverse conducting thyristor (RCT), Smart Power Devices (Power ICs) Rating, Static and dynamic characteristics, Safe operating areas, Protections of devices, Devices selection.

Unit-II

DC to DC conversion, Buck Boost and Buck Boost converters (Circuit Configuration and analysis with different types of loads) Power factor, Harmonics and effect of source inductance in converter circuits. Resonant DC, DC converters. Switched mode power supply (SMPS).

Unit-III

Concept of PWM in converters, Unity power factor converters, Voltage source inverters (VSI), Current source inverters (CSI). Application of VSI and CSI in induction motor control.

Unit-IV

Non Drive applications of power electronics inverters, Uninterrupted power supply (UPS), Induction heating, Metal cutting, Active power line conditioning.

Unit-V

Vector controlled and slip power controlled induction motor drives, Application of microprocessor, Micro controllers and DSP in Machine drives.

Unit-I

Characterization of waste and sources of pollution. Effects of pollution-ecological balance, Quality Standards and legislation.

Unit-II

Air pollution: Emission intensity and dispersion measurement and analysis techniques Photometric, Gas chromatography, and Mass Spectroscopic analysis. Dust Collectors, Colorimetry and radioactivity detectors. Trace element detectors, Continuous pollution monitoring. Control of Air Pollution and control instrumentation.

Unit-III

Water Pollution: Effluents and their characterization, Concentration and Separation methods of measurement and analysis. Waste treatment by Biological, Physical and Chemical (Aeration, Sedimentation, Flotation Coagulation, Ion-exchange, Aerobic and Anaerobic digestion) process control and Instrumentation. Colorimetry and Spectroscopic remote sensing techniques and instrumentation.

Unit-IV

Land Pollution: Instrumentation in sludge handling radioactive waste disposal and safety instrumentation. Soil Characteristic and fertility conservation.

Unit-V

Instrumentation for Noise and Thermal Pollution monitoring.

Unit-VI

Control Instrumentation of Specific Industrial pollution in Steels, Paper, Cement, Power and Petro-chemical Plants.